The application of functionalizing agents involves several techniques, including:
1. Covalent Bonding: This method involves the formation of strong covalent bonds between the functionalizing agent and the nanoparticle surface. 2. Non-Covalent Interactions: These include weaker interactions such as hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, and electrostatic interactions, which can still be effective in certain applications. 3. Self-Assembly: In this approach, functionalizing agents spontaneously form organized structures on the nanoparticle surface due to their inherent chemical properties.
