Enzymes can be immobilized on nanomaterials using various methods:
Physical adsorption: Enzymes are adsorbed onto the nanomaterial surface through weak interactions like van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, or electrostatic interactions. Covalent bonding: Enzymes are covalently attached to functionalized nanomaterials using chemical linkers. Encapsulation: Enzymes are encapsulated within nanomaterials, such as porous nanostructures or nanogels. Cross-linking: Enzymes are cross-linked with each other and to the nanomaterial using bifunctional agents.
