Defect centers can be created through various methods, including:
1. Chemical Doping: Introducing foreign atoms or ions into the nanomaterial. 2. Irradiation: Using high-energy particles like electrons or ions to bombard the material. 3. Mechanical Deformation: Applying stress to create dislocations and other defects. 4. Thermal Treatment: Heating and cooling processes can generate vacancies and interstitials.
