Chemical modifications can be achieved through various techniques, including:
Functionalization: Adding functional groups to the surface of nanomaterials to introduce new chemical properties. Doping: Incorporating foreign atoms into the nanomaterial to alter its electronic or optical properties. Surface Coating: Applying a layer of a different material to the surface to improve stability and biocompatibility. Ligand Exchange: Replacing existing surface molecules with new ones to change the material's interactions with its environment.
