Several methods are employed for the synthesis of ceramic nanomaterials. Some of the common techniques include sol-gel processing, hydrothermal synthesis, and mechanical milling. Sol-gel processing involves the transition of a solution system from a liquid "sol" into a solid "gel" phase. Hydrothermal synthesis involves crystallizing substances from high-temperature aqueous solutions at high vapor pressures. Mechanical milling, on the other hand, is a solid-state technique involving the grinding of materials to achieve nanometer-sized particles.
