Creating cavities at the nanoscale can be achieved through several methods:
Chemical Etching: This involves using chemical solutions to selectively remove material, forming voids. Electron Beam Lithography: A focused beam of electrons is used to carve out patterns at the nanoscale. Self-Assembly: Molecules spontaneously organize into structured formations, sometimes creating voids. Nanoporous Materials: Materials like zeolites and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) naturally contain nanoscale cavities.
