Photolithography: A process used to transfer geometric patterns to a substrate.
Etching: Used to remove layers from the surface to create intricate designs.
Deposition Techniques: Such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) to add material layers.
Micro-molding: Involves creating a mold and then filling it with material to form a microscale object.
Microfluidics: Used in lab-on-a-chip devices for biomedical applications.
Nanoelectronics: Fabrication of components like transistors and sensors at the nanoscale.
Nanophotonics: Development of devices that manipulate light at the nanometer scale.
Advanced Materials: Creating materials with enhanced properties for use in energy, healthcare, and electronics.
Precision and Accuracy: Achieving nanometer-scale precision can be difficult and requires advanced tools.
Cost: The equipment and processes used can be expensive, limiting accessibility.
Material Limitations: Not all materials are suitable for micro and nanofabrication.
Scalability: Transitioning from laboratory-scale to industrial-scale production is often challenging.
