Anti-fouling nanocoatings work through several mechanisms, including physical, chemical, and biological means. Physically, the nanoscale features can create a surface that is too smooth or too rough for foulants to adhere to. Chemically, these coatings can release biocides or other active agents that prevent microbial growth. Biologically, they can incorporate substances that are naturally resistant to fouling, such as antimicrobial peptides.
