Nanotechnology refers to the manipulation of matter at the atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale. It typically deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometers and involves the development of materials or devices with novel properties and functions due to their small size.
Common Techniques in Nanotechnology
Top-Down Approach
The
top-down approach involves breaking down bulk materials into nanoscale structures. Methods like
lithography and
etching are commonly used. For instance, in the semiconductor industry, photolithography is used to create intricate patterns on silicon wafers.
Bottom-Up Approach
Self-Assembly
Self-assembly is the process where pre-designed molecules spontaneously form organized structures. This technique is vital in creating materials with specific functions, such as
liposomes for drug delivery systems, and in the production of
nanoparticles.
Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM)
Nanolithography
Applications of Nanotechnology Techniques
Medicine
In
medicine, nanotechnology techniques enable the development of
drug delivery systems that target specific cells, reducing side effects and improving efficacy.
Nanoparticles are also used in imaging for better diagnostics.
Electronics
The field of
electronics benefits from nanotechnology through the creation of smaller, faster, and more efficient components. Techniques like
nanolithography are used to fabricate transistors at the nanoscale, driving advancements in computing power.
Energy
Challenges and Future Directions
